Community-acquired Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia and Parapneumonic Effusion in a Male Patient with Diabetes: A Case Report

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a primary health concern. They are commonly differentiated as hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) infections, based on their epidemiology, susceptibility findings, and molecular typing patterns. Therefore, appropriate contact precautions and isolation measures should be implemented. CA-MRSA mostly causes skin and soft-tissue infections, but the probability and incidence of it causing sepsis and invasive infections have increased dramatically in recent years. In this study, we report a case of CA-MRSA pneumonia with pan-pneumonic effusion in a 59-year-old male diabetic patient with preexisting comorbidities such as diabetic ketoacidosis and non-ST elevated myocardial infarction. The early reporting of the organism's identity and its antimicrobial susceptibility, as well as timely initiation of antibiotic therapy, aided in the successful management and cure of the patient.

USE OF ALTEPLASE AND DORNASE FOR LYSIS OF COVID-19-RELATED LOCULATED PLEURAL EFFUSION

SESSION TITLE: Management of COVID-19-Induced Complications SESSION TYPE: Rapid Fire Case Reports PRESENTED ON: 10/19/2022 12:45 pm - 1:45 pm INTRODUCTION: We discuss a case of successful use of alteplase and dornase per MIST II protocol for the management of a loculated pleural effusion secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia. CASE PRESENTATION: 52 year old male was initially admitted for MRSA bacteremia and began appropriate antibiotic therapy. His chest radiograph on presentation was unremarkable. Seven days into his hospital course he tested positive for COVID-19 pneumonia, and developed increasing shortness of breath and escalating oxygen requirements. At this time he had a large loculated left sided pleural effusion on chest computed tomography. A pigtail catheter was placed with removal of 600ml of cloudy yellowish fluid. Follow-up CXR showed slight interval improvement, however a large loculated effusion remained. Pleural fluid studies was exudative, lymphocytic predominant (78%) with elevated pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase of 786 U/L, pH 8.0, and glucose 97mg/dl. Additional pleural fluid workup was unremarkable, including negative cultures, AFB staining, and benign cytology. After other known causes of lymphocyte predominant pleural effusion were ruled out, and following review of the current medical literature, the conclusion was made that his effusion was most likely related to COVID-19. The decision was made to attempt lysis of the loculations with alteplase and dornase per MIST II protocol. This resulted in significant chest tube output (totaling 3480ml additional output over the ensuing days) as well as marked improvement in chest imaging. The protocol was continued for 3 days which the patient tolerated well overall. DISCUSSION: COVID-19 related pleural effusions occur with an incidence of about 7.3% of cases with an overall lag time of 11 days from symptom onset. Based on observational studies, these pleural effusions are unilateral in 66.8% of cases with a lymphocyte or neutrophilic predominance and significantly elevated pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio. The differential for exudative lymphocyte predominant pleural effusions with elevated LDH include malignancy, rheumatoid effusion, tuberculosis, and viral infections. The pleural studies workup was unremarkable for these conditions. The MIST-2 protocol was followed per the original study, with instillation of tPA 10mg via pigtail catheter which was clamped for 1 hour, opened to drain for 1 hour, then repeated with dornase 5mg. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of using MIST 2 protocol for a loculated pleural effusion related to COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 related loculated pleural effusion is an infrequent occurrence that present as lymphocyte predominant exudative that can loculate with elevated lactate dehydrogenase. This is the first case of using alteplase and dornase for its management and we have demonstrated that it can be both a safe and effective method. Additional prospective studies are needed to further investigate this method. Reference #1: Chong WH, Saha BK, Conuel E, Chopra A. The incidence of pleural effusion in COVID-19 pneumonia: State-of-the-art review. Heart Lung. 2021;50(4):481-490. doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2021.02.015 Reference #2: Ahmadinejad Z, Salahshour F, Dadras O, Rezaei H, SeyedAlinaghi S. Pleural Effusion as a Sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Case Report. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(3):468-472. doi: 10.2174/1871526520666200609125045. PMID: 32516107. Reference #3: Rahman, N, et al. Intrapleural Use of Tissue Plasminogen Activator and DNase in Pleural Infection. N Engl J Med 2011;365:518-526. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1012740 DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Zachary Chandler No relevant relationships by James Cury No relevant relationships by Peter Staiano No relevant relationships by Daniel Weigle

POST-COVID-19 EOSINOPHILIC PNEUMONIA

SESSION TITLE: Post-COVID-19 Infection Complications SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: We present two cases of symptomatic post-COVID eosinophilic pneumonia responsive to steroids. CASE PRESENTATION: Case 1: A 73-year-old gentleman with underlying asymptomatic rheumatoid arthritis (RA), was admitted with COVID pneumonia for which he received tocilizumab, remdesivir, and 12 days of dexamethasone. His course was complicated by MRSA pneumonia and bacteremia, so was discharged on IV Vancomycin. Six days post discharge, he redeveloped respiratory distress. Labs showed a WBC 18,000 and proBNP 2828. A chest CT revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities, worsening right upper lung airspace disease and bilateral pleural effusions. Despite receiving Furosemide, Vancomycin, and Ceftazidime, he required high-flow nasal cannula oxygenation (HFNC). Bronchoscopy demonstrated thick right bronchial secretions. BAL fluid revealed 7% eosinophils and grew MRSA. Case 2: A 70-year-old gentleman with extensive smoking history, emphysema, psoriasis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and a recent hospitalization for COVID pneumonia was discharged on a steroid taper. He returned 23 days post discharge in respiratory distress requiring HFNC, 5 days after discontinuing steroids. The chest CT revealed worsening fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Intravenous Levofloxacin and Vancomycin resulted in no clinical improvement. Bronchoscopy showed inflamed bronchi with secretions and BAL analysis revealed 6% eosinophils. For both patients, BAL was negative for fungi and PJP and CTA ruled out PE. Both patients were started on Prednisone with a prolonged taper. They improved clinically with decreased oxygen requirements to 4L nasal cannula and dramatic decrease in subjective dyspnea within 48 hours of starting steroids. DISCUSSION: The differential diagnosis for the clinical deterioration and worsening radiographs in both patients includes bacterial/fungal superinfection, PE, post-COVID-ILD and eosinophilic pneumonia. For the first patient, his RA was inactive. His BAL was positive for MRSA but did not improve until steroids were initiated. Neither of the patients were stable for VATS biopsy. Eosinophilic pneumonia is defined as pulmonary infiltrates with peripheral blood eosinophilia =500/ml, BAL eosinophils > 5% or eosinophilic infiltration on lung biopsy [1]. Both of our patients had >5% BAL eosinophils. Potentially, prolonged COVID-ILD stimulates T-Helper-2 cells, causing the release of IL-4/5/13 with recruitment of eosinophils. Studies report post-COVID-ILD biopsies show organizing pneumonia and fibrosis but have not yet been associated with eosinophilia. In both patients, we observed eosinophilia on BAL. It can be hypothesized that a delayed inflammatory response mediated by eosinophils play a role. CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary eosinophilic pneumonia is a complication of post-COVID-ILD and can be successfully managed with steroids. Reference #1: De Giacomi F, Vassallo R, Yi ES, Ryu JH. Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia. Causes, Diagnosis, and Management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018 Mar 15;197(6):728-736. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201710-1967CI. PMID: 29206477. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by farrukh ahmad No relevant relationships by Deborah Markowitz No relevant relationships by Dhiraj Shah No relevant relationships by Garima Singh No relevant relationships by Aakriti Soni

POST-COVID-19 ASPERGILLOSIS

SESSION TITLE: Post-COVID-19 Infection Complications SESSION TYPE: Case Report Posters PRESENTED ON: 10/17/2022 12:15 pm - 01:15 pm INTRODUCTION: Since the start of Covid-19 pandemic, several respiratory microorganisms have been identified that cause coinfection with Sars-Cov-2. Bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and viruses like influenza are some of the identified pathogens. Rarely, fungal infections from Aspergillus are also being reported. CASE PRESENTATION: 59-year-old male with past medical history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia was admitted for shortness of breath and was found to be positive for Covid-19. He received Remdesivir, dexamethasone & tocilizumab. He required non-invasive ventilation via continuous positive airway pressure but continued to remain hypoxemic with elevated procalcitonin, he was treated with cefepime for bacterial pneumonia. Patient required emergent intubation and eventually underwent tracheostomy. He developed methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia for which he received vancomycin. He was eventually discharged to long term acute care facility. Patient was readmitted after 2 months due to worsening respiratory status. Computed Tomography Angiography of chest was negative for pulmonary embolism but showed pleural effusion. He underwent thoracentesis which showed exudative effusion with negative cultures. Echocardiogram showed right heart failure. Patient's symptoms were believed to be due to Covid-19 fibrosis. He required home oxygen and also received pulmonary rehabilitation. One year after the initial Covid-19 infection, he developed pulmonary hypertension and was referred for lung transplant consultation. However, he developed severe hemoptysis requiring intubation and vasopressors. Galactomannan was positive, Karius digital culture revealed Aspergillus Niger for which he received voriconazole. He was not deemed a suitable candidate for lobectomy. Patient developed arrhythmia and had prolonged QT interval so voriconazole was switched to Isavuconazole. He continued to have hemoptysis and his condition did not improve so family requested to transition care and patient passed away. DISCUSSION: Several studies have proven co-infection of Aspergillus with Covid-19. This case highlights Aspergillus infection approximately 1 year after initial Covid-19 infection. Sars-Cov-2 causes damage to airway lining which can result in Aspergillus invading tissues. IL-6 is increased in severe Covid-19 infection. Tocilizumab is an anti-IL-6 receptor antibody that has been approved for treatment of Covid-19 pneumonia. However, IL-6 provides immunity against Aspergillus so use of tocilizumab decreases protection against Aspergillosis which is usually the reason for co-infection. However, in this case patient developed fungal infection later during Covid-19 fibrosis stage. CONCLUSIONS: Recognizing fungal etiology early on is important in Covid-19 patients as mortality is high and appropriate intervention can reduce morbidity and mortality. Some patient may eventually require lung resection. Reference #1: Kakamad FH, Mahmood SO, Rahim HM, Abdulla BA, Abdullah HO, Othman S, Mohammed SH, Kakamad SH, Mustafa SM, Salih AM. Post covid-19 invasive pulmonary Aspergillosis: a case report. International journal of surgery case reports. 2021 May 1;82:105865. Reference #2: Nasrullah A, Javed A, Malik K. Coronavirus Disease-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis: A Devastating Complication of COVID-19. Cureus. 2021 Jan 30;13(1). Reference #3: Dimopoulos G, Almyroudi MP, Myrianthefs P, Rello J. COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Journal of Intensive Medicine. 2021 Oct 25;1(02):71-80. DISCLOSURES: No relevant relationships by Maria Haider Baig

IDIOPATHIC ISOLATED RIGHT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION IN THE SETTING OF RECENT COVID-19 INFECTION: A CASE REPORT

CASE: We describe a case of isolated acute right ventricular (RV) strain not attributable to pulmonary embolism (PE) or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in the setting of recent COVID-19 infection. A 77-year-old male with medical history notable for type 2 diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, and chronic hypoxemic respiratory insufficiency with a last known left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 77% on admission with preserved RV function, and recent COVID-19 infection was admitted for septic shock secondary to a post-viral MRSA pneumonia 12 days after diagnosis with COVID-19. On day 5 of admission, after completion of antibiotic therapy and resolved shock, the patient developed relative hypotension and an oliguric acute kidney injury with creatinine of 1.9 (previously 1.0) and urine microscopy findings consistent with acute tubular necrosis. EKG at the time showed new incomplete right bundle branch block. On day 8 of admission, relative hypotension continued with an uptrend in creatinine to 4.8 despite adequate fluid resuscitation. EKG showed new complete right bundle branch block with high-sensitivity troponin peaking at 550 (previously 15). A transthoracic echocardiogram showed enlarged RV and isolated severe hypokinesis of the RV mid-free wall consistent with “McConnel's sign” and acute right heart strain, with poorly visualized left ventricle, but without regional wall motion abnormalities. CTA Chest evaluating through the segmental arteries ruled out acute PE. Acute coronary syndrome was ruled out with traditional and right-sided EKG. Oxygen requirements remained unchanged throughout the course of his admission. The patient was transferred to the ICU for undifferentiated shock requiring triple pressor therapy and eventually died from acute renal failure and volume overload. IMPACT/DISCUSSION: While RV strain secondary to ARDS and PE has been implicated in COVID-19 and found to be an independent predictor of mortality, there is limited literature describing isolated RV dysfunction in their absence. Increasing reports showing cardiac microthrombi in autopsies of COVID-19 patients suggest alternate etiologies of RV injury and suggest potential utility of empiric therapeutic anticoagulation in all patients presenting with COVID-19. Alternatively, direct viral injury isolated to the RV may be unique in COVID19. Additionally, “McConnell's sign” combined with enlarged RV is traditionally considered a specific marker of PE, with reported specificity of 94% in the original report. However, there are increasing reports shedding doubt on the specificity of this finding. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the need to consider alternate etiologies for RV dysfunction in COVID-19, including microthrombi and direct viral injury. Additionally, this case adds to the growing literature demonstrating the limitation of “McConnell's sign,” even in patients with high suspicion for PE.

Deep Vein Thrombosis, Septic Pulmonary Emboli and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcal Aureus Bacteremia Complicated by a Furuncle in a Child

Staphylococcal aureus infection in children is a major public health problem globally. It causes a varied spectrum of clinical disease including bacteremia, endocarditis, skin and soft tissue infection, pleuro-pulmaonry and osteo-articular infection. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a known complication of staphylococcal infection. We report a case series which included, 10-year old boy developed DVT, septic pulmonary emboli and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA) bacteremia following a furuculosis and 13 year old girl with thrombosis of internal and external jugular vein, cavernous sinus with pulmonary emboli and MRA bacteremia. Both patients are previously healthy showed complete recovery after aggressive appropriate antibiotics, anticoagulants and supportive care. The high index of suspicion of DVT in MRSA infection is needed, prompt diagnosis and aggressive appropriate therapies improve the outcomes and minimize the complications.

Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Pneumonia in a Previously Healthy 12-Year-Old Male

Introduction: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was better recognized to be a nosocomial pathogen found mainly in intensive care units and occurring especially in elderly persons. However, rare but potentially fatal cases of community-acquired MRSA infection have emerged. Risk factors such as infection of the skin or soft tissues, influenza virus infection, history of recent hospital admissions, or immunocompromised status were identified. The prevalence of MRSA in children especially those without risk factors is extremely low. Case: This is a case of a previously healthy 12-year-old male who presented with acute onset of high-grade fever and exertional dyspnea. Upon admission, the patient was in respiratory distress and hypotensive. The patient was managed as a case of severe sepsis with the following considerations: COVID-19 infection, severe pneumonia, tuberculosis, and malignancy. Although the clinical presentation and imaging findings were suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis infection, sputum and blood culture were positive for MRSA. The patient required admission to the intensive care unit and underwent close tube thoracotomy insertion and tube pericardiostomy due to the rapid spread of infection. The patient was also treated for pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, anti-tuberculosis medications were added to Vancomycin, with noted improvement thereafter. Discussion: This case highlights the importance of prompt and accurate diagnosis of MRSA pneumonia leading to optimal patient outcome. With this, the rapid institution of appropriate antibiotics is crucial. However, clinical diagnosis is frequently difficult resulting in to delay of diagnosis.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Healthcare-Associated Infections

Background. The profound changes wrought by COVID-19 on routine hospital operations may have influenced performance on hospital measures, including healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Objective. Evaluate the association between COVID-19 surges and HAI or cluster rates Methods. Design: Prospective cohort study Setting. 148 HCA Healthcare-affiliated hospitals, 3/1/2020-9/30/2020, and a subset of hospitals with microbiology and cluster data through 12/31/2020 Patients. All inpatients Measurements. We evaluated the association between COVID-19 surges and HAIs, hospital-onset pathogens, and cluster rates using negative binomial mixed models. To account for local variation in COVID-19 pandemic surge timing, we included the number of discharges with a laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis per staffed bed per month at each hospital. Results. Central line-associated blood stream infections (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI), and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia increased as COVID-19 burden increased (P ≤ 0.001 for all), with 60% (95% CI, 23 to 108%) more CLABSI, 43% (95% CI, 8 to 90%) more CAUTI, and 44% (95% CI, 10 to 88%) more cases of MRSA bacteremia than expected over 7 months based on predicted HAIs had there not been COVID-19 cases. Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) was not significantly associated with COVID-19 burden. Microbiology data from 81 of the hospitals corroborated the findings. Notably, rates of hospital-onset bloodstream infections and multidrug resistant organisms, including MRSA, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus and Gram-negative organisms were each significantly associated with COVID-19 surges (P < 0.05 for all). Finally, clusters of hospital-onset pathogens increased as the COVID-19 burden increased (P = 0.02). Limitations. Variations in surveillance and reporting may affect HAI data. Table 1. Effect of an increase in number of COVID-19 discharges on HAIs and hospital-onset pathogens Figure 1. Predicted mean HAI rates as COVID-19 discharges increase Predicted mean HAI rate by increasing monthly COVID-19 discharges. Panel a. CLABSI, Panel b, CAUTI Panel c. MRSA Bacteremia, Panel d. CDI. Data are stratified by small, medium and large hospitals. Figure 2. Monthly comparison of COVID discharges to clusters COVID-19 discharges and the number of clusters of hospital-onset pathogens are correlated throughout the pandemic. Conclusion. COVID-19 surges adversely impact HAI rates and clusters of infections within hospitals, emphasizing the need for balancing COVID-related demands with routine hospital infection prevention.

FIRST CASE IN OUR POPULATION OF SPONDYLODISCITIS AND PNEUMONIA DUE TO MRSA IN A MAN WITHOUT RISK FACTORS

TYPE: Case Report TOPIC: Critical Care INTRODUCTION: The MDR infections are recognised in hospitals and long-term care facilities but in the last years they are increasing in the community cause a substancial health burden. CASE PRESENTATION: A healthy 63 year-old man consulted with acute cervical pain and limitation of movement. No trauma and neurological compromise was found, he was treated with analgesics and discharged. Later, he was readmitted to the ER with asthenia, diffuse myalgia, dyspnea, chest pain, respiratory distress and hypoperfusion. A chest x-ray showed bilateral compromise. The initial diagnostic was viral pneumonia, acute kidney failure, and pulmonary sepsis with a SOFA score of 11 points;but SARS-CoV-2 infection was excluded. The patient required ET and vasopressors. The PCR sepsis panel detected MRSA gene mecA. He received piperacillin-tazobactam that was later adjusted to ceftaroline and linezolid due to renal compromise. The images (fig.1) showed multilobar pneumonia, bilateral pleural effusion and paravertebral inflammatory processes from C2 to C4 confirming spondylodiscitis and bacterial pneumonia. The hospital stay was 75 days, 6 weeks on antibiotics and the patient was discharged with post-ICU syndrome. DISCUSSION: The MRSA infection is a major global problem, remains a challenge to identify and to treat it. In our community, this case is probably the first in a man without comorbilities, he presented important clinical signs and developed serious complications. CONCLUSIONS: Nowadays, we should have in mind the MDR infections in patients without risk factors in order to achieve an early control and minimize the consecuence of treatment delay and possible complications. DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare. KEYWORD: MRSA

DISSEMINATED MRSA INFECTION WITH PURULENT PERICARDITIS: AN EXTREMELY RARE CASE, LIKELY MORE COMMON THAN REPORTED

TYPE: Late Breaking Case Report TOPIC: Critical Care INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) purulent pericarditis is a life-threatening infection, characterized by frank pus collection in the pericardium1-4. While incidents of MRSA infection continue to increase, MRSA pericarditis remains extremely rare in the absence of prior surgical intervention1,4. We present a rare case of disseminated MRSA infection with purulent pericarditis. CASE PRESENTATION: This is a 71-year-old male who presented with a 12 days history of cough and shortness of breath. Vital signs were 153/81mmHg, 98.5oF, 76bpm, 18bpm, 85%. He was diagnosed with novel coronavirus-19 (COVID-19), started on remdesivir, corticosteroids, and vitamins. Blood and urine cultures resulted negative. He continued to improve. Three weeks into the hospitalization, he reported chest pain and clinically decompensated with refractory hypotension, tachycardia, and hypoxia, requiring increased supplemental oxygen and vasopressor support. Echocardiogram revealed pericardial effusion with early tamponade physiology. Patient underwent pericardial window with drainage of 600 mL of purulent fluid. Repeat labs revealed white blood cell count of 25.3K/uL, platelets of 69 K/uL, lactic acid of 5.0 mmol/L. MRSA grew from blood, urine, respiratory and pericardial fluid cultures. Patient was started on intravenous vancomycin. DISCUSSION: Purulent pericarditis due to MRSA is typically seen in immunocompromised state or with prior surgical intervention. While the source of pericarditis in our patients remains unclear, we suspect intrathoracic or hematogenous spread, compounded with an immunosuppressive state, attributed to COVID therapy with corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: This case not only illustrates a rare case of disseminated MRSA purulent pericarditis, but it also depicts the importance of heightened suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and early initiation of treatment. DISCLOSURE: Nothing to declare. KEYWORD: Disseminated MRSA Infection

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections in an acute care hospital in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare- associated infections (HCAI) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that contribute to higher mortality is a growing area of study METHODS: This retrospective observational study compares the incidence density (ID) of HCAI caused by MDR bacteria (CRE, CRAB, CRP, MRSA and VRE) pre-COVID (2017-2019) and during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) in overall hospitalized patients and in intensive care (ICU) units. RESULTS: We identified 8,869 HCAI, of which 2,641 (29.7%) were caused by bacterial MDR, and 1,257 (14.1%) were from ICUs. The overall ID of MDR infections increased 23% (P < .005) during COVID-19. The overall per-pathogen analysis shows significant increases in infections by CRAB and MRSA (+108.1%, p<0.005; +94.7%, p<0.005, respectively), but not in CRE, CRP, or VRE. In the ICU, the overall ID of MDR infections decreased during COVID, but that decline was not significant (-6.5%, P = .26). The ICU per-pathogen analysis of ID of infection showed significant increases in CRAB and MRSA (+42.0%, P = .001; +46.2%, P = .04), significant decreases in CRE and CRP (-26.4%, P = .002; -44.2%, P = 0.003, respectively) and no change in VRE. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic correlates to an increase in ID of CRAB and MRSA both in ICU and non-ICU setting, and a decrease in ID of CRE and CRP in the ICU setting. Infection control teams should be aware of possible outbreaks of CRAB and MRSA and promote rigorous adherence to infection control measures as practices change to accommodate changes in healthcare needs during and after the pandemic.